The present study deals with the moral criticism of the Book of Tohfa (8th century Hijri) based on the school of moral utilitarianism. Tohfa has ten chapters and several allegorical and historical stories mixed with prose and poetry. The author of the book is unknown, but it is likely that its author is Mirza Sharafuddin Fadlullah Ibn Abdullah Qazwini (around 640-740). Tohfa is an educational work in cities politics that can be analyzed based on moral theories. One of these schools is moral utilitarianism. Utilitarianism believes in a normative moral system that considers the originality of pleasure as the criterion of the moral character of an action. From the point of view of this school, values deserve to be preserved and promoted as long as they can be interpreted and translated into the interests of individual well-being and collective pleasure, but the benefit of the individual is always preferred over that of the public. The present study, by using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to answer the question of which type of moral utilitarianism has a high frequency in Tohfa? Findings indicate that the most moral benefit considered in this literary text is the collective benefit and the interests of the public. The author of Tohfa, under the influence of Islamic moral teachings, conveys direct and indirect recommendations to the readers in more than 55 anecdotes and allegories which have religious and educational values in addition to creating literary pleasure for the audience.

Introduction: Ethical living is a lifestyle in which all areas of human existence and work are formed and flow around ethics. That is, a person who wants to live morally, in all areas, tries to know the ethical considerations related to that area and follow them in practice and live according to them. The current article is research on the moral system of Thomas Aquinas with a focus on examining the nature of the moral goal of human life and the moral rationality of such a life. Material and Methods: The present review study examined bioethics from the perspective of Thomas Aquinas in a descriptive manner. In order to achieve this goal, articles related to research keywords from Thomson Information Institute, Science Direct and Pub Med were examined and books related to the views of Thomas Aquinas were studied. Conclusion: The results of this study show that according to Thomas Aquinas's view on man, becoming like God and realizing God's image in material life and seeing God in the hereafter is the moral goal and eternal happiness of man. Also, Thomas Aquinas believes in the moral rationality of such a life from both perspectives-having a reason to live morally and the usefulness of such a life.

Sheikh Bahaee, the great religious scholar of the 10th and 11th centuries (A.H.), was also an architect, poet, mathematician, and astronaut. His high religious status as Sheikh- ul- Islam in the Safavid court and among the people makes it hard to think of the presence of satire in his works. Nevertheless, the fact is that Sheikh Bahaee has strategically employed satire as an effective means of criticism of society and morality of his time, as well as promotion of social awareness. In addition to some satiric poems and writings found in his works, he has also two completely satiric works named Kashkool (collection of writings), and Moush- o- Gorbe (Mouse and Cat), a symbolic story. Existence of hese works alone shows how Sheikh Bahaee concerned with satire in criticizing deeds and sayings of particular groups of people. This study then is an attempt to show the potential of satire, as well as social and moral criticism in Sheikh' s Bahaee's Persian works.

Morality is one of the most dominant educational domains that is correspondent on human agency. Because requests responsibility about moral acting or disengagement. For knowing how to apply education in moral fild, it is necessary being illustrate agency capacities of human. human agency is one of the significant dimensions of Social - cognitive learning theory that Albert Bandura is the theoretician of that. In this new approach, human capacity for moral agency founded on a sense of personal identity, moral standards, and behavioral regulation through self-sanctions. In this bases, Human is not subdued on environment. He is a Medium linkage between his behavioral and environment with his cognitive abilities. This article investigates conseptual challenges in moral agency in view of internal ambiguity and oppositions in this theory. These issues are: Forming the internal standards of moral agency with the external source, socialization of morality in conflict with individual agency, Conflict concepts of causation and moral agency, Conflict claim holistic view of the morality with the ambiguity of emotional ingredients.

In recent decades, lots of introductory books were written on the subject of Ethics and Morality in English and in other languages as well. These books help students get familiarized with this subject, but most of them are not comprehensive, and they only focus on some issues, especially normative ethics, and on some issues in Applied Ethics. The shortage of good textbook in the philosophy of Ethics and Morality is much more obvious in Persian, and there is no comprehensive book available in the subject that satisfies the academic criteria. One of the introductory books, but comprehensive, is “ Ethics: An Introduction to Moral Philosophy” compiled by Noel Stewart. In this book, the main fields of ethics (metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics) are discussed. The unique and conspicuous features of this book is its cohesion, comprehensiveness in arguments and discussions, critically assessment of arguments, brevity and clearness. So, it is a comprehensive and cohesive textbook for researchers to use in the field of moral philosophy. In this paper, having introduced the content of the book in detail, the advantages and disadvantages of the book will be studied technically and by content analysis.

This article introduces, analyzes, and criticizes the work of Lawrence M. Hinman, Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory. Hinman is a Philosopher of Ethics in the multimedia learning. He believes that multiculturalism is important factor of nowadays so the most important responsibility of philosophers of Ethics is prevention of moral conflict. The global communication and information in 21st century needs global tolerance and respect of various nations, cultures, and moralities together because different people and societies have a common human nature and common natural rights that obligate to justice and moral relationship between different people and various societies’ beliefs throughout the world. Moral communication in multiculturalism approach is against racial, gender, national, and ethnic prejudice. Hinman believes in moral dialogue and global learning across different cultures. The book of Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory has a proper category of new ethical problems, and the candid standpoint of author is considerable. He has a logical method, and in the end of every part of book there are some questions for evaluation of students learning. So this book is proper for the philosophy of ethics in universities.

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

It's been years in the psychology and assessment of moral development that theories of genetic epistemology and social behaviorism (which are based on Piaget, Kohlberg, and Bandura's approaches) have been in the center of attention for the psychologists and education experts and have been used by the educational counseling centers and other psychology centers in Iran. Therefore, there have not been a suitable theory and proper native assessing tools made in our country in the field of moral development. The main issue is that the theoretical foundations and the structure and content of these viewpoints are provided without considering the innate and eternal moral foundations, moral motive and feeling, moral belief and culture, and moral behavior and reactions. Such viewpoints are not in consistency with our school students' moral development. This article has shown that Piaget, Kohlberg, and Bandura's viewpoints have strictly positioned the moral judgment, learning social laws, and relations of the Western countries as the foundation for their theories without considering spiritual, rational, and motivational bases of moralities, which have roots in divine creation and the human nature.By providing a new model for moral development formation, this article has shown that individual's social and moral development is a result of complicated, dynamic, and mutual interactions of the five following factors: innate nature of the individual, social contexts, events and experiences, moral judgment development, and manifestation and change of stimulations and sentiments of sympathy and helping other people.The article tries, while criticizing the present psychological approaches on moral development, to prepare the way for a new scientific and authentic research in making theory for moral development and preparing theoretical basis for making national assessing scales for moral development.

Three views about morally abortion, liberal, conservative and moderate, have been proposed. According to the liberal view, abortion for any reason at any time during pregnancy is morally permissible. Mary Anne Warren is an advocate of this view. According to warren, the traditional argument against abortion is unproductive because of non-repeated mediocrity. She believes that the term `human' in two introductory of the argument has not the same meaning. Human in (1) means biological human and in (2) means social human, that she called it "person". She offers five criteria to distinguish between human and person. She believes that a human embryo and newborn baby does not even have the characteristics of a person. She considered birth as a criterion of moral equal rights and denies other proposed criteria include knowledge, the first movement of the fetus in the womb, feel and viability. In this paper, we study and criticism Warren’ view about the birth as the criterion of the moral status of the fetus and we determine that the embryo from the moment of conception is entitled to moral rights not from birth.

Moral development, which includes the field of voluntary actions of a person, deals with the growth of a person in the aspects of cognition, behavior and emotions. From the point of view of psychologists, it is to accept or reject the rule that all human beings have special psycho-cognitive characteristics, they play an interpretive role in explaining the moral relationship and gender. For this discussion, the issue of the relationship between gender and moral space, place and conflicts of opinion is located. This article, using a descriptive analytical method, compared the relationship between gender and moral virtues with an applied perspective from the perspective of Kohlberg and the Holy Qur'an and came to the conclusion that Kohlberg considers moral behavior and thinking to be linked and believes that those who lack moral judgment have They are higher, more moral than those who have less discernment. He believes that moral development has five stages and women do not go beyond the second stage in terms of diagnosis and behavior. However, in the teachings of Islam, the achievement of moral space is the same for women and men, and the results of the research show that women and men have the same characteristics as men in four aspects of moral development description, the roots of moral development, the tools that help moral development, and the output and result of moral development. are. and the interpretations of the Quran are the same in all four fields.